https://sedj.usb.ac.ir/ Stable Economy Journal en daily 1 Fri, 02 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Fri, 02 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://sedj.usb.ac.ir/article_10201.html This research endeavors to examine the influence exerted by two pivotal factors—namely, innovation and creative industries—upon the sustainable society index across a sample of chosen nations during 2013-2020. To accomplish this objective, the panel smooth transition regression methodology is employed, with each of the aforementioned variables being scrutinized within its own distinct analytical framework. In the both specifications, the initial lag of the dependent variable, representing the sustainable society index, serves as the threshold inducing transition variable. Empirical evidence derived from the estimations confirms the existence of nonlinear interdependencies among the constructs under consideration in both configurations. According to the optimal model selection criteria, the specification linking the sustainable society index to innovation incorporates two transition functions alongside a single threshold value; conversely, the model pertaining to creative industries encompasses two transition functions and a dual threshold structure. The adjustment pace within the first equation displays a comparatively gradual and gentle pattern, whereas in the second equation, the shift toward the second regime unfolds with considerable rapidity, though the progression into the third regime materializes at a notably slower rate. The outcomes reveal that the innovation exerts a favorable influence on the sustainable society index during the initial regime, yet its coefficient turns adverse across the subsequent two regimes—implying that improvements in the sustainable society metric progressively weaken the beneficial contribution of the innovation, ultimately reversing its sign. By contrast, the creative industries sector consistently demonstrates a dampening effect on the sustainable society index throughout all the three identified regimes. https://sedj.usb.ac.ir/article_10128.html The Impact of Structural Change and the Private Sector on Social ProgressAbstractAchieving inclusive development and improving citizens’ quality of life cannot be accomplished solely through economic growth; rather, it requires attention to social and institutional dimensions. In this regard, the Social Progress Index, as a comprehensive and outcome - oriented indicator, has gained increasing importance in assessing countries’ performance . This issue is particularly critical in countries with high natural resource rents and weak governance, where unbalanced economic structures, institutional weaknesses, and resource dependence can hinder improvements in welfare and quality of life. Nevertheless, the relationship between structural change, the role of the private sector, and energy with social progress has received limited attention in the literature. To fill this gap, this study employs panel data for the period 2011 – 2021 and the generalized method of moments (GMM) to evaluate and compare the effects of these three factors on social progress in resource - rent - dependent countries with weak governance and in countries with low rents and strong governance. The results indicate that structural transformation, the private sector, and energy all have positive and statistically significant effects on social progress in both groups of countries. The findings underscore that coordinated policymaking in the structural, institutional, and energy domains can strengthen the path toward enhanced welfare and quality of life and facilitate the achievement of sustainable development .Keywords : Social Progress ; Structural Change ; Private Sector ; Energy .JEL Classification: Q40, Q21, O14, L33. https://sedj.usb.ac.ir/article_10129.html Chronic, excessive growth of the money supply erodes the value of the national currency and creates opportunities for speculation in asset markets. This process can divert resources from productive to unproductive and speculative activities by generating economic rents and fostering corruption. Moreover, financial corruption and inflation resulting from high liquidity mutually reinforce each other, ultimately exacerbating income distribution inequalities. While the bidirectional relationships between corruption and income inequality, as well as the separate linkages between money supply and inflation, have been extensively examined in the economic literature, modeling within a systemic framework that places the feedback loop between money supply growth and corruption at the center of the analysis has received comparatively less attention.This study employs annual data for the period 1984–2023 (Iranian calendar: 1363–1402) and utilizes a simultaneous equations system to investigate these multifaceted relationships. The findings indicate that excessive money supply growth in Iran intensifies corruption by creating economic rents. This growth contributes to higher inflation and deepens income inequality not only directly but also indirectly through its amplification of economic corruption. Furthermore, corruption and inflation exhibit a mutually reinforcing relationship. The results confirm the interdependence of these variables, forming a vicious cycle that has perpetuated double-digit inflation and income inequality in the Iranian economy. The study underscores the need for transparency and auditing in liquidity injection processes and the strengthening of regulatory institutions to break this vicious cycle. The Targeted money supply control and reforms in the government’s financial system are considered essential prerequisites for curbing corruption. https://sedj.usb.ac.ir/article_10132.html Water, energy, and food (WEF) security constitute major macroeconomic and environmental challenges for Iran. Addressing these challenges within a sustainable development context requires a systemic nexus perspective that explicitly models cross-sectoral interdependencies. Accordingly, this study employs a WEF nexus framework to identify the inherent synergies and trade-offs that shape resource management across these sectors. Using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model calibrated to Iran’s Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), the research evaluates economy-wide effects of two contrasting policy strategies: productivity‑enhancing measures and price‑based policies, including subsidy removal and taxation. Simulations reveal that productivity-driven policies consistently generate macroeconomic dividends, improving aggregate social welfare and reinforcing security across all three WEF dimensions. These benefits are maximized when interventions are implemented as cohesive, prioritized policy packages. Specifically, enhancing energy productivity exerts the most robust positive impact compared to water or food interventions, while a bundled energy–food productivity scenario yields the highest overall efficiency gains. Conversely, relying exclusively on pricing instruments triggers widespread negative macroeconomic spillovers and diminishes public welfare. Within the price scenarios, escalating food prices precipitously degrade food security, and energy price hikes induce severe systemic shocks across the entire economic network. Interestingly, water price increases yield largely neutral systemic effects.Ultimately, the findings demonstrate that unilateral pricing policies create unsustainable socio-economic frictions. To mitigate these inherent trade-offs, policymakers must design hybrid strategies that structurally integrate price reforms with targeted productivity enhancements, thereby fostering positive nexus synergies and safeguarding Iran’s sustainable development trajectory. Given the static nature of the model, the simulation results are applicable exclusively to short- and medium-term equilibrium adjustments. https://sedj.usb.ac.ir/article_10203.html Economic resilience plays an important role in shaping the long-term growth pattern and is a prerequisite for the theory of endogenous growth. Therefore, this study, using the vector autoregressive model with exogenous variables (VARX) and seasonal data from spring 2001 to winter 2023, has examined the impact of energy, food security, and climate exogenous shocks on Iran's economic resilience. The instantaneous shock response function of economic resilience showed that after the energy security shock, it first strengthened, then became negative after a few periods, and then approached the previous equilibrium state. In contrast, after the food security shock, economic resilience increased, and then the positive shock effect was absorbed over time and the system approached a new equilibrium state. Climate shocks also create significant and stable fluctuations in the instantaneous shock response function of economic resilience.The cumulative response diagram of economic resilience showed that the positive effect of the energy security improvement shock on this variable is not stable and eventually becomes negative. But positive food and climate security shocks have a positive and sustained cumulative effect on economic resilience. The results of the analysis of variance of the forecast error also showed that in the short term, the majority of the fluctuations in economic resilience are explained by internal shocks to this variable. With an increase in the time horizon, the contribution of other variables, especially food security, in explaining changes in economic resilience increases. In a Granger and instant causality test as a complementary tool to accurately identify the communication channels between endogenous VARX variables, only the probability value of the Granger causality test for food security was obtained as 0.0017. This result indicates a significant Granger causality relationship at the 1% level. Therefore, food security disruptions play an important role in predicting changes in economic resilience and energy security. Based on the results of this instant causality test, only the probability value of the instant causality test from energy security to other variables is less than the significance level of 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis of no instant causality is rejected. https://sedj.usb.ac.ir/article_10204.html As a terminal for reflecting consumer demand and household welfare, the rental housing market is a multidimensional phenomenon deeply intertwined with the asset sector, construction costs, and credit flows. Within the context of Iran’s urban system, rental market fluctuations exhibit complex behavior driven by structural heterogeneities and asymmetric spatial spillovers between the capital and other regions. Accordingly, aiming to analyze the macroeconomic dynamics of the rental housing market within Iran’s urban hierarchy, this study integrates the DiPasquale–Wheaton (DPW) interactive framework with a Global Vector Autoregression (GVAR) approach. In this specification, the dynamics of the rent index are modeled based on the simultaneous interaction of four sub-markets (rental, asset, construction, and credit) for Tehran, large cities, and small cities over the period from 1991 to 2024. To this end, annual data for these four markets were collected from the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran for the aforementioned period.Generalized Impulse Response Function (GIRF) results indicate that Iran’s housing system lacks a symmetric wave diffusion pattern across urban strata; the relationship between Tehran and large cities demonstrates no significant short-term co-movement, whereas a positive shock in Tehran’s rental market is associated with a short-term decline in rent growth in small cities (spatial divergence). This heterogeneous and asymmetric pattern stems from disparities in demand structures and household financial capacity between the capital and the periphery, thereby rejecting the hypothesis of a unified spillover. Consequently, the application of uniform credit and regulatory policies at the national level is ineffective; policymakers should adopt a spatially differentiated approach tailored to each region’s position within the urban hierarchy